Laura - Cigarettes were never recommended in pregnancy. They were only ever recommended for nervous disorders like Parkinsons disease as nicotine is a nerve relaxant. Ultrasounds have been used far longer than cigarettes were recommended for.
Personally I have tried to fiind a HB with both. With a stethescope I found it much harder to find bub's HB than I did with a doppler, which is why the medical profession now use them. In later pregnancy a doppler is used weekly and it does help the medical profession to find out if there is anything wrong. I am not saying that the medical profession are always right but knowing early does save lives if something is going wrong.
In terms of physics, Sound waves (including infra and ultra) are not as intense as many other wavelengths. Light is more intese than sound!! Sound waves are not dense enough to cause harm any more than normal light (UV is the highest level of light and that is what the damage starts at) If you shone an extremely bright light on your belly I think you would have as much chance of injuring the baby as you would putting a doppler on. There is very little risk identified because there is very little risk!! An Xray which is the way twins used to be determined is more harmful than an US so I am happy to have US and doppler as often as I need / want to.

