Many are aware that Muslims devote an entire month--that of Ramadan--to a fast that extends through the daylight hours, coinciding with the revelation of the Koran, the sacred scripture of Islam. The fast is known as the
sawm (identical to the Hebrew word for a fast,
tzom). Less widely known is the fact that the institution of Ramadan took the place of an earlier practice, a single-day (24 hour) fast known in Arabic as the
Ashura.
Islamic tradition bases this custom on a reference in the Koran (2:183-187) to keeping "the fast as it was prescribed for those before you". Muslim tradition explains that "those before you" were the Jews, and that Muhammad in this passage was commanding that his followers adopt the Jewish custom of fasting on the Day of Atonement.
The Arabic word
Ashura is none other than the Hebrew word
Asor, the tenth, the term used in the Bible (Leviticus 16:29, etc.) to designate the date of the holiday (the tenth day of the seventh month).
The origin of this precept is described in the Muslim "oral tradition" (
Hadith) as collected by the noted 9th century authority, Al-Bukhari:
When the Prophet came to al-Madinah he found that the Jews observed the fast of Ashura. He enquired about this and was told that it was the day on which God had delivered the Children of Israel from the enemy and Moses used to keep a fast on it as an expression of gratitude to the Almighty. The Prophet thereupon remarked that "Moses has a greater claim upon me than upon you," and he fasted on that day and instructed his followers to do the same.
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