Verb: actionman of grammer. The "doing words" (run, laugh, dance, beat the idiot internet to a bloody pulp...)

Noun: a thing. A spoon, windmill, pole, box...

Adjectives describe nouns (a blue box, a bloody pulp, a blunt spoon), whereas adverbs describe verbs (run fast, loudly sing, move like Jagger...)

Past tense is what you actually did in the past, in practice. (I spelled onomatapia correctly in my essay yesterday. I passed Pete in the hall.)

Past participle is what was done in the past in abstract, but no facts to pin on it (I ran past Pete. I spelt onomatapia correctly. Onomatapia is spelt as it sounds: finally, no wordplay irony!)